Ovarian Cancer Symptoms, Early Warning Signs, and Risk Factors

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Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women in the U.S. with over 25,000 women newly diagnosed each year with this disease. It is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and frequently does not result in symptoms until the cancer has spread extensively. Less than one-third of ovarian cancers are detected before they have spread outside of the ovaries.

Ovarian cancer actually represents a group of different tumors that arise from diverse types of tissue contained within the ovary. The most common type of ovarian cancer arises from the epithelial cells (the outside layer of cells ) of the surface of the ovary. Other, rare types of ovarian cancer develop from the egg-forming germ cells or from the supporting tissue (stroma) of the organ. Benign (non-cancerous) tumors and cysts are also found in the ovary and are much more common than ovarian cancers.

The majority of ovarian cancers are diagnosed late, after the cancers have spread. Only about 20% of women are diagnosed early, when the disease may be curable. There is no definitive screening test for early ovarian cancer. Regular pelvic examinations, sometimes supplemented by ultrasound examinations or blood tests for cancer-related markers, have been routinely used for ovarian cancer screening, but none of these tests are specifically able to detect ovarian cancer. Traditionally, it was believed that ovarian cancer does not produce any characteristic symptoms until the tumor is widespread, and that early symptoms of ovarian cancer were not recognizable.

However, in June 2007, the American Cancer Society, along with other medical societies including the Gynecologic Cancer Foundation and the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists, released a consensus statement about possible early symptoms of ovarian cancer. This statement was based on research suggesting that some of the early symptoms of ovarian cancer can, in fact, be recognized. In particular, possible early ovarian cancer symptoms include the following:

• Bloating
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Urgent or frequent urination
• Difficulty eating or feeling full very quickly

Learn more about ovarian cancer risk factors »



Source : http://www.medicinenet.com/ovarian_cancer

Women Should Perform a Pap Smear Every Year?

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REPUBLIKA.CO.ID, most women probably already know aboutpap smears. This is an attempt examination of cervical smears and then thecells are taken under a microscope. This examination is useful for earlydetection of changes or abnormalities in cervical cells that lead to cancer.
 Pap smear is useful for early detection of possible cervical cancer.
 Like other cancers, the earlier the treatment, the possibility of a highertreatment success. Unlike breast cancer, which is also commonly experienced bywomen, there are no lumps that can be detected early in cervical cancer.Cervical cancer, which has demonstrated vaginal bleeding and pain, usuallyoccurs after the cancer is in advanced stages.
 This test is recommended every year. However, the true test should be doneevery year?
 According to Dr. Zubairi Djoerban, specialist in internal medicine andprofessor of the Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia, as well as otherfilter tests, no test is 100 per cent accurate. Indeed, pap smears, especiallythose made with conventional techniques, has the possibility of false negativeresults (false negative) is quite high, around 10-29 percent. Currently,liquid-based examination to improve the accuracy of the Pap smear.
 False negative result means that the results of pap smears declared negative,when in fact the existing cells are not normal. This will result in delays intreatment. False positive result means the test results tested positive, whenin fact the normal cells. '' This will result in the emergence of anxiety anddo further tests unnecessary,'' said Zubairi in one consultation.
 With all these limitations, the pap smear is still an option for earlydetection of cervical cancer because it is specific enough to detect anyabnormalities of the cell and how the examination is easy, simple, andinexpensive cost.
 To avoid inaccurate results, further Zubairi, previously had made preparations.The best time to do that is 10-20 days after the first day of menstruation. Twodays before the tests do not clean (wash) the vagina with a liquid cleaner,antiseptic, or contraception (spermicides), use tampons, and intercourse.
 To schedule a routine examination should consult with your obstetrician.Because, this is related to the previous test results and risk factors theyhave. As a guideline, a schedule to do a pap smear is three years after thefirst intercourse. 
After that, until the age of 30 years, three years. Forwomen over 30 years, if the test result is normal and you have no risk factors,physicians may recommend to repeat it two or three years.
 If the pap smear result is positive, depending on the type of cell found, mayonly be asked to repeat the pap smear in the coming months or furtherinvestigation. 
Approximately 50-80 percent of women who declared the result ofhis abnormal pap smear, it did not have cervical cancer. Further examinationmay include observation of the cervix and / or making the abnormal cells bybiopsy or curettage. '' Even if the result is positive cancer, the treatment ofcervical cancer stage or early stage is much better than an advanced stage,''he said.
 

Editors: Endah Hapsari






Source : http://www.republika.co.id

Health Tip: Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Cause of Cervical Cancer

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Genitalhuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common cause of cervical cancer(cervical).
 
When a woman is exposed to HPV, the immune system is generally able toprevent the virus from doing serious damage.
 
But on a small number of women, the virus survived for many years.
 
Finally, the virus can lead to the conversion of normal cells on thesurface of the cervix into cancer cells.
 
At first, the cells showed only signs of normal virus infection. Buteventually the cell can be changed and there was precancerous.
 
This is known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Usually,precancerous changes occur spontaneously.
 
In some cases, especially in women with weak immune systems,intraepithelial neoplasia may eventually develop into invasive cervical cancer.
 
It is unclear why some women are more likely to develop cervical cancer.Some types of HPV are more aggressive than others.
 
Smoking can increase the risk of cervical cancer. In fact, according to theAmerican Cancer Society, women who smoke are about twice as likely to havecervical cancer.
 
There are two HPV vaccines Gardasil and Cervarix are available. Both of thesevaccines offer protection from some of the most dangerous types of HPV. 


Gardasil has been approved for girls and womenages 9 to 26 years. Cervarix is approved for girls and women ages 10 to 25years.​​

Remember, if you are sexually active, the bestway to prevent HPV and other sexually transmitted infections is to remainfaithful and do not have multiple sexual partners.
 
In addition, routine inspection for cervical cancer is also important to do.





Source: http://oketips.com/4613/tips-sehat-human-papillomavirus-hpv

Understanding The Mechanism of Changes in HIV to AIDS

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Definition
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a disease that attacks the immune systemby invading CD4 + cells and lymphocytes.
 Lymphocytes allows the immune system to function properly, and when finishedbecause of a virus attack, the immune system to be down capabilities.
  If the body has a number of CD4 + below 200, it is vulnerable to opportunisticinfections, which over time will develop into Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome (AIDS).
 During the transition from HIV to AIDS, the HIV virus destroys white bloodcells. Viruses proliferate (replicate themselves) while weakening the immunesystem, and making the body vulnerable to infection.
Virus Replication and Cell Destruction
Host cell is active, then use the RNA polymerase (genetic material) to makecopies of HIV and messenger RNA (mRNA).
 According to Joseph S. Cervio, MD, mRNA is used as a blueprint (blueprint)which makes the HIV protein chains in the body.
 HIV protein chain is cut into smaller proteins which then collaborate with HIVRNA material to make more virus.
 Virus escape from the host cell and attaches to an uninfected CD4 cells todestroy and replicate again.
In addition, routine inspection for cervical cancer is also important to do.
 Mild symptoms of HIV can occur in 5 to 7 years after infection, and during thistime period the immune system becomes very weak.
 Along with the increasing number of viruses, the number of CD4 + cells isdecreased, indicating late-stage HIV.
 AIDS
When someone is diagnosed with AIDS because of the high number of viral and CD4+ cell count is low, the doctor will start therapy Highly Active AntiretroviralTherapy (HAART).
 HAART is a strict regimen of medication is very powerful to reduce the additionof viral and increase levels of CD4.
 When the number of CD4 + cell count falls below 200, the body will begin todevelop opportunistic infections, infections that normally would not occur inpeople with healthy immune systems.
A weakened immune system (weakeneddetrimentally) and can not fight the opportunistic infections 
characteristic ofAIDS virus.
 
Opportunistic infections (OI) is commonly include pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP),Kaposi's sarcoma, and cytomegalovirus.
 
Pneumocystis pneumonia is a lung infection that causes pneumonia. Kaposi'ssarcoma is a skin cancer that causes lesions, which are also known as an openwound (open sores).
 
Cytomegalovirus is an eye infection that can distort vision to produce blackspots or floaters, so it obscures the view.






Source : http://oketips.com/10382/

Human Papilloma Virus ( HPV )

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Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are common viruses that can cause warts. There are more than 100 types of HPV. Most are harmless, but about 30 types put you at risk for cancer. These types affect the genitals and you get them through sexual contact with an infected partner. They are classified as either low-risk or high-risk.

Low-risk HPV can cause genital warts. High-risk HPV can lead to cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, and anus in women. In men, it can lead to cancers of the anus and penis.

Although some people develop genital warts from HPV infection, others have no symptoms. Your health care provider can treat or remove the warts. In women, Pap smears can detect changes in the cervix that might lead to cancer.

Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading HPV. A vaccine can protect against several types of HPV, including some that can cause cancer.
NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases





Source : http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus

Coach is often a sort of appreciating the trend

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By Andrea Bertolini

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How To Identify Genuine Gemstone Jewelry

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By Patrice McCoy

Recognizing genuine gemstone jewelry is not easy. In fact the entire subject is somewhat complicated. Some stones are advertised as natural or real, others as genuine. Then you can have treated, simulated or synthetic, fake or faux. Even the experts get confused. Natural may be genuine, but genuine may not be natural or so they say.

A natural stone is simply cut and polished. A real stone is a natural stone but treated with heat or some other process to improve its look or color. Simulated stones look very much like the real thing. For example cubic zirconia which has often fooled many experts into thinking it was a diamond. Synthetics are made in a laboratory using the same elements and crystal form as a natural gem and are also very hard to distinguish from the real thing.

The second one is that many people in the far flung corners of this planet make their living by digging and mining gemstones out of the rocks and other strata nature has endowed with them. Not like the diamond mines of South Africa, of course, but all over Sri Lanka and Madagascar, for example, there are gem pits. Perhaps those people are worthy of consideration.

Knowing the difference between a laboratory produced aquamarine and one from Brazil may not be too easy. Even experts have been fooled before now into thinking that a well cut zircon was a diamond. If you like it and the price is right go ahead, but remember that is it is simulated or synthetic it has no inherent value of its own.

Sapphires, emeralds and rubies sit with diamonds in the first class seats. Tourmalines, garnets, aquamarines and pearls for example all lend themselves to the making of exquisite rings, earrings, necklaces and bracelets. They can be set in gold or silver, modern or antique type settings and will look sensational.

Precious stones are found all over the world although certain countries are synonymous with certain stones. South Africa and diamonds for example, although other countries have them too. Burma has almost everything and Brazil is famous for its beautiful green emeralds. Madagascar is a more recent addition to the gemstone lore and has been the source of some breath-taking sapphires.

Then there are onyx, citrine and turquoise. Onyx is a type of chalcedony, a kind of quartz. Citrine is also a type of quartz that has been in use for jewelry since ancient Greece. It is the birthstone for November. Turquoise is supposed to be derived from the French and means Turkish stone as that is where the copper aluminum phosphate mineral stones were first bought and brought to Europe way back in time.

Making a collection of genuine gemstone jewelry can be fun. Searching out antique pieces at sales and dealers can get you bargains. Designing your own jewelry can become profitable.




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